Tahmasp then handed the prince over to the Ottoman ambassador. But the decade of civil war had exposed the empire to foreign danger and Tahmāsp had to turn his attention to the repeated raids by the Uzbeks. Historical developments: pre-Islamic literature, Middle Period: the rise of Persian and Turkish poetry, Lyric poetry: Moḥammad Shams al-Dīn Ḥāfeẓ, European and colonial influences: emergence of Western forms, The relation of music to poetry and dance, The relation of Islamic music to music of other cultures, The beginning of Islam and the first four caliphs, The Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid dynasties: classical Islamic music, Types and social functions of dance and theatre, Early period: the Umayyad and ʿAbbāsid dynasties, Architecture in Iraq, Syria, and Anatolia, Mongol Iran: Il-Khanid and Timurid periods, Islamic art under European influence and contemporary trends, Islamic architecture in India: Mughal style. Astrakhan came under Russian rule, nearing the Safavid possessions in Dagestan. The Safavids benefited from their geographical position at the centre of the trade routes of the ancient world. It was also requested from them that they appoint a lawyer (vakil) to the Court who would inform them on matters pertaining to the provincial affairs. The judge (qazi) was informed of relevant points involved and would decide whether or not to take up the case. Other exports were horses, goat hair, pearls and an inedible bitter almond hadam-talka used as a spice in India. By tradition, the Safavids traced their origins back to a Sufi order (a mystical sect within Islam) associated with Sheikh Safi al-Din (1252-1334). Savory, "'Sheikh Junayd was not content with spiritual authority and he sought material power'". This created major factions within Shah Tahmasb’s own household, which spread into the court and all of the Safavid politics. It is in the 16th century that a thitherto primarily nomadic and folk medium of the decorative arts was transformed into an expression of royal and urban tasks by the creation of court workshops. London: British Museum Press, 1993; Canby, Sheila R., ed. Mir Damad is considered the founder of this school. In this period, handicrafts such as tile making, pottery and textiles developed and great advances were made in miniature painting, bookbinding, decoration and calligraphy. She was by no means content to exercise a more or less indirect influence on affairs of state: instead, she openly carried out all essential functions herself, including the appointment of the chief officers of the realm. Almost simultaneously with the emergence of the Safavid Empire, the Mughal Empire, founded by the Timurid heir Babur, was developing in South-Asia. [203], According to the historian Roger Savory, the twin bases of the domestic economy were pastoralism and agriculture. The impressive achievements of its 400,000 residents prompted the inhabitants to coin their famous boast, "Isfahan is half the world".
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