richard feynman quotes nanotechnology

Poets say science takes away from the beauty of the stars - mere globs of gas atoms. Documentary (November 23, 1981), later published in "No Ordinary Genius: The Illustrated Richard Feynman" edited by Christopher Sykes (p. 239), 1994. So I manufacture a quarter-size lathe; I manufacture quarter-size tools; and I make, at the one-quarter scale, still another set of hands again relatively one-quarter size! The electron microscope is not quite good enough, with the greatest care and effort, it can only resolve about 10 angstroms. The rules of the game are what we mean by fundamental physics. Is there a physical way to synthesize any chemical substance? By the time I get my devices working, so that we can do it by physics, he will have figured out how to synthesize absolutely anything, so that this will really be useless. The idea is to try to give all the information to help others to judge the value of your contribution; not just the information that leads to judgment in one particular direction or another. alone. What happens when you have a mutation? It has not yet become obvious to me that there's no real problem. Atoms on a small scale behave like nothing on a large scale, for they satisfy the laws of quantum mechanics. For instance, the wires should be 10 or 100 atoms in diameter, and the circuits should be a few thousand angstroms across. That is all there is to it. How is the base order in the DNA connected to the order of amino acids in the protein? I don’t know how to do this on a small scale in a practical way, but I do know that computing machines are very large; they fill rooms. Then we would strike an arc behind the holes and draw metallic ions through the holes; then we could again use our system of lenses and make a small image in the form of ions, which would deposit the metal on the pin. Everybody else played baseball; everybody else did all kinds of athletic things. Each letter represents six or seven “bits” of information; that is, you need only about six or seven dots or dashes for each letter. That is the way in which we discover new rules. Atoms are very special: they like certain particular partners, certain particular directions, and so on. When the University of Brazil, for example, finds that their library is burned, we can send them a copy of every book in our library by striking off a copy from the master plate in a few hours and mailing it in an envelope no bigger or heavier than any other ordinary air mail letter. This was a big jab for my self-confidence in my ability to appreciate art. Then, for the next layer, evaporate another position of a wire, another insulator, and so on. Every damn, crazy conundrum that people had invented, I knew. Perhaps this doesn’t excite you to do it, and only economics will do so. We are at the very beginning of time for the human race. There will be several problems of this nature that we will have to be ready to design for. (They will undoubtedly find a better way when we do actually have it written, but to make my point conservatively I shall just take techniques we know today.) A chemist comes to us and says, “Look, I want a molecule that has the atoms arranged thus and so; make me that molecule.” The chemist does a mysterious thing when he wants to make a molecule. He made a breakthrough, a new method of doing physics. There will be more rapid methods. Firstly, with parts stressed to the same degree, the forces go as the area you are reducing, so that things like weight and inertia are of relatively no importance. The quantum mechanical and the relativity ideas are examples of this. Just for the fun of it, and in order to get kids interested in this field, I would propose that someone who has some contact with the high schools think of making some kind of high school competition. If I was at a meeting that wasn't getting anywhere - like the one where Carl Rogers came to Caltech to discuss with us whether Caltech should develop a psychology department - I would draw the other people. In December of 1959, Richard Feynman gave a talk called “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” at an annual meeting of the American Physical Society at Caltech. But an even more practical difficulty is that the computer would be limited to a certain speed. First figure out why you want the students to learn the subject and what you want them to know, and the method will result more or less by common sense. Honors bother: honors is epaulettes; honors is uniforms. The original reason to start the project, which was that the Germans were a danger, started me off on a process of action, which was to try to develop this first system at Princeton and then at Los Alamos, to try to make the bomb work. The only trouble is that the electron microscope is one hundred times too poor. In any decision for action, when you have to make up your mind what to do, there is always a 'should' involved, and this cannot be worked out from, 'If I do this, what will happen?' Now comes the interesting question: How do we make such a tiny mechanism? The problems of manufacture and reproduction of materials will be quite different. Reality must take precedence over public relations, for nature cannot be fooled. There is no intensity problem in these devices — not what you are used to in magnification, where you have to take a few electrons and spread them over a bigger and bigger screen; it is just the opposite. But we were thinking of making an enormous computer, which we were going to build by drilling holes on this lathe to make little washers for the computer. What would the properties of materials be if we could really arrange the atoms the way we want them? If it doesn’t work for a metal surface, it must be possible to find some surface with which to coat the original pin so that, where the electrons bombard, a change is made which we could recognize later. It always seems odd to me that the fundamental laws of physics, when discovered, can appear in so many different forms that are not apparently identical at first, but, with a little mathematical fiddling, you can show the relationship. I am, as I said, inspired by the biological phenomena in which chemical forces are used in repetitious fashion to produce all kinds of weird effects (one of which is the author). Let one laboratory make a tiny motor which it sends to another lab which sends it back with a thing that fits inside the shaft of the first motor. In this sense, physics supplies the foundation of chemistry. Is that possible? This is a very important problem which has not been solved at all. If the face is changed; if I am closer to the face; if I am further from the face; if the light changes — I recognize it anyway. What are the possibilities of small but movable machines? I do not expect that such prizes will have to wait very long for claimants. Scientific views end in awe and mystery, lost at the edge in uncertainty, but they appear to be so deep and so impressive that the theory that it is all arranged as a stage for God to watch man's struggle for good and evil seems inadequate. Therefore, one needs a considerable amount of preparatory training even to learn what the words mean. Until I began to learn to draw, I was never much interested in looking at art. After all, what would be the use of studying physics if the mysteries were not the most important things to investigate? This has several disadvantages. Don’t tell me about microfilm! But if the physicists wanted to, they could also dig under the chemists in the problem of chemical analysis. The first principle is that you must not fool yourself and you are the easiest person to fool. I was terrible in English. Open Culture scours the web for the best educational media. See that the imagination of nature is far, far greater than the imagination of man. Because the theory of quantum mechanics could explain all of chemistry and the various properties of substances, it was a tremendous success. I am not inventing anti-gravity, which is possible someday only if the laws are not what we think. It has been discovered that all the world is made of the same atoms, that the stars are of the same stuff as ourselves. Why can’t we make them very small, make them of little wires, little elements, and by little, I mean little? We thank you! This time around, he called his talk “Tiny Machines.” And while sticking close to the 1959 script, Feynman’s revised lecture shows what technological advances had been made since he first outlined his vision for a nano world. On the other hand, the metals that we use have a grain structure, and this would be very annoying at small scale because the material is not homogeneous. Where do the amino acids go in? There is nothing that living things do that cannot be understood from the point of view that they are made of atoms acting according to the laws of physics. And after I finish doing this I wire directly from my large-scale system, through transformers perhaps, to the one-sixteenth-size servo motors. How many washers can you manufacture on this one lathe? I will not now discuss how we are going to do it, but only what is possible in principle — in other words, what is possible according to the laws of physics. What is the structure of the RNA; is it single-chain or double-chain, and how is it related in its order of bases to the DNA? Although some have questioned the degree to which Feynman influenced the rise of nanotechnology, his lecture is still seen as a seminal event in the short history of the nano field.

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