who won the battle of marathon

[45] Still further, defeat at Marathon would mean the complete defeat of Athens, since no other Athenian army existed. Herodotus further writes that Darius charged one of his servants to say "Master, remember the Athenians" three times before dinner each day.[6]. [19] Cleisthenes was thus restored to Athens (507 BC), and at breakneck speed began to reform the state with the aim of securing his position. The defeat at Marathon marked the end of the first Persian invasion of Greece, and the Persian force retreated to Asia. . [104] However, defeat at the Battle of Salamis would be the turning point in the campaign,[105] and the next year the expedition was ended by the decisive Greek victory at the Battle of Plataea. In 500 BC the Persian Empire was still relatively young and highly expansionistic, but prone to revolts amongst its subject peoples. [89] Indeed, based on their previous experience of the Greeks, the Persians might be excused for this; Herodotus tells us that the Athenians at Marathon were "first to endure looking at Median dress and men wearing it, for up until then just hearing the name of the Medes caused the Hellenes to panic". The Spartans toured the battlefield at Marathon, and agreed that the Athenians had won a great victory.[101]. The expedition was intended to bring the Cyclades into the Persian empire, to punish Naxos (which had resisted a Persian assault in 499 BC) and then to head to Greece to force Eretria and Athens to submit to Darius or be destroyed. This theory is based on the absence of any mention of cavalry in Herodotus' account of the battle, and an entry in the Suda dictionary. [20] The new-found freedom and self-governance of the Athenians meant that they were thereafter exceptionally hostile to the return of the tyranny of Hippias, or any form of outside subjugation, by Sparta, Persia, or anyone else. According to Vic Hurley, the Persian defeat is explained by the "complete failure ... to field a representative army", calling the battle the "most convincing" example of the fact that infantry-bowmen cannot defend any position while stationed in close-quarters and unsupported[97] (i.e. ", This page was last edited on 17 October 2020, at 11:26. [26] The Persian naval victory at the Battle of Lade (494 BC) all but ended the Ionian Revolt, and by 493 BC, the last hold-outs were vanquished by the Persian fleet. [15], The Athenians and Eretrians sent a task force of 25 triremes to Asia Minor to aid the revolt. Plutarch mentions that the Athenians saw the phantom of King Theseus, the mythical hero of Athens, leading the army in full battle gear in the charge against the Persians,[130] and indeed he was depicted in the mural of the Stoa Poikile fighting for the Athenians, along with the twelve Olympian gods and other heroes. There are several explanations of the Greek success. The two tribes which had been in the centre of the Athenian line stayed to guard the battlefield under the command of Aristides. [22] They were, however, severely censured for this when they returned to Athens. [7][8][9] Moreover, the Persian King Darius was a usurper, and had spent considerable time extinguishing revolts against his rule. [47] As has been discussed above, some modern historians place this attempt just before the battle. "[109], Some subsequent ancient historians, despite following in his footsteps, criticised Herodotus, starting with Thucydides. Omissions? Either way, the Athenians evidently realised that their city was still under threat, and marched as quickly as possible back to Athens. 81–94, A.W. Reaching Euboea in mid-summer after a successful campaign in the Aegean, the Persians proceeded to besiege and capture Eretria. [16] Hippias fled to Sardis to the court of the Persian satrap, Artaphernes and promised control of Athens to the Persians if they were to help restore him. Corrections? Philipp August Böckh in 1855 concluded that the battle took place on September 12, 490 BC in the Julian calendar, and this is the conventionally accepted date. [29] The pacification of Ionia allowed the Persians to begin planning their next moves; to extinguish the threat to the empire from Greece and to punish Athens and Eretria.[30]. "The Campaign and Battle of Marathon. [15] The fact that the Ionian democracies were inspired by the example the Athenians had set no doubt further persuaded the Athenians to support the Ionian Revolt, especially since the cities of Ionia were originally Athenian colonies. And when Miltiades realized that, he attacked and thus won. [13] The other Ionian cities followed suit, ejecting their Persian-appointed tyrants, and declaring themselves democracies. Mardonius re-subjugated Thrace and made Macedonia a fully subordinate part of the Persians; they had been vassals of the Persians since the late 6th century BC, but retained their general autonomy. by fortifications, or failing to support them by cavalry and chariots, as was the common Persian tactic). [81] Miltiades ordered the two tribes forming the center of the Greek formation, the Leontis tribe led by Themistocles and the Antiochis tribe led by Aristides, to be arranged in the depth of four ranks while the rest of the tribes at their flanks were in ranks of eight. If the first theory is correct (see above), then the absence of cavalry removed the main Athenian tactical disadvantage, and the threat of being outflanked made it imperative to attack. Verlag Empirische Pädagogik, Landau (= Landauer Schriften zur Kommunikations- und Kulturwissenschaft.

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