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This article treats Hegel’s life, thought, and influence. Hegel was now able to free himself from the domination of Kant’s influence and to look with a fresh eye on the problem of Christian origins. Hegel: A Biography Summary. Hegel was the last of the great philosophical system builders of modern times. Consciousness: From Confidences to Dilemma On leaving college, Hegel did not enter the ministry; instead, wishing to have leisure for the study of philosophy and Greek literature, he became a private tutor. His influence has been as fertile in the reactions that he precipitated—in Søren Kierkegaard, the Danish existentialist; in the Marxists, who turned to social action; in the logical positivists; and in G.E. His philosophy inspired late 19th-century idealists such F.H. Terry Pinkard opens this satisfying, well-written biography with a preface that dismisses the usual commonplaces about Hegel: Hegel’s philosophy was not transformed by Karl Marx into Marx’s theory of history; Hegel did not teach that reality is ultimately spiritual and a product of thesis/antithesis/synthesis; Hegel did not praise the Prussian state as the perfection of history; and he did not inspire German nationalism, authoritarianism, and militarism with pompous assertions about the Absolute. Hegel worked as a private tutor (1793–1801), an unpaid lecturer (1801–05) and extraordinary professor (1805–07) at the University of Jena, a newspaper editor (1807–08), a rector of an academic preparatory school (1808–16), and a professor of philosophy at the Universities of Heidelberg (1816–18) and Berlin (1818–31). The Hegels had always been Lutherans and counted numerous pastors among their ancestors. The first of these was a life of Jesus in which Hegel attempted to reinterpret the Gospel on Kantian lines. The Tubingen Period: The Concept of Volksreligion, 2. Hegel grew up in the cultural setting of the so-called “hometowns,” a rigidly structured communitarian system soon to be challenged by the modernism bred by the French Revolution. Opinions for Hegel as Panentheist Principal of the University of St. Andrews, Scotland, 1953–66. Religion of Nature Hegel’s philosophy of history is most lucidly set out in his Lectures on the Philosophy of World History, given at the University of Berlin in 1822, 1828 and 1830. for a Christian Volksreligion, and the Concept of Positivity Both religion and philosophy have a common object and share the same content, for both are concerned with the inherent unity of all things. Hegel was to retain the warmest feelings for the brilliant Hölderlin all his life, despite the poet’s tragic lapse into mental illness, but his friendship with Schelling was soon to founder over differences in philosophy. As a schoolboy he made a collection of extracts, alphabetically arranged, comprising annotations on classical authors, passages from newspapers, and treatises on morals and mathematics from the standard works of the period. A modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality study guides that feature detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, quotes, and essay topics. Start Your Free Trial ... but his friendship with Schelling was soon to founder over differences in philosophy. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. Translator of Hegel's. The Superseding of Religion by Philosophy, Part II Hegel's Early Writings: The Importance of Religion in the Life A Medical View: Hegel as a Panentheist Hegel was the son of a revenue officer. Please select which sections you would like to print: Corrections? From 1788 to 1793 he studied classics, philosophy, and theology at the University of Tübingen, earning an M.A. Thanks for exploring this SuperSummary Plot Summary of “Hegel: A Biography” by Terry Pinkard. His work, following upon that of Immanuel Kant, Johann Gottlieb Fichte, and Friedrich Schelling, thus marks the pinnacle of classical German philosophy. The Meaning of Panentheism On Love Spirit Self-consciousness: The Discovery of Self The Concept of Geist Religion Preparation for a Significant Development, 3. Get exclusive access to content from our 1768 First Edition with your subscription. For discussion of the various schools of Hegelian thought, see Hegelianism. A Contrary View: Hegel as a Pantheist Hegel was the last of the great system builders of Western philosophy and the greatest and most extravagant representative of the school of absolute idealism. Though his fellow students called him “the old man,” he liked cheerful company and a “sacrifice to Bacchus” and enjoyed the company of women as well. Reason: The Discovery of the Universal He also studied the critical philosopher Immanuel Kant and was stimulated by his essay on religion to write certain papers that became noteworthy only when, more than a century later, they were published as a part of Hegels theologische Jugendschriften (1907; Early Theological Writings). In Stuttgart, Hegel’s birthplace, he attended grammar schools from the age of three and the Gymnasium Illustre, an academic preparatory school, from the age of six or seven. Atheism For Hegel, thought is not philosophical if it is not also religious. Religion in General, 7. The Role of Religion in Hegel's Philosophy The Ethical Challenge of Auschwitz and Hiroshima. What is Knowing? Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel was born on August 27, 1770, to Georg Ludwig Hegel and his wife, Maria Magdalena Louisa Hegel, in the city of Stuttgart in the small south German duchy of Württemberg. As an absolute idealist inspired by Christian insights and grounded in his mastery of a fantastic fund of concrete knowledge, Hegel found a place for everything—logical, natural, human, and divine—in a dialectical scheme that repeatedly swung from thesis to antithesis and back again to a higher and richer synthesis. The Concept of the Dialectic Hegel’s Phenomenology of Spirit (1807) contains chapters on the ancient Greek “religion of art” (Kunstreligion) and on the world-view presented in Sophocles’ Antigone and Oedipus the King.His philosophy of art proper, however, forms part of his philosophy (rather than phenomenology) of spirit. Although Hegel stated that God is absolute Spirit and Christianity is the absolute religion, the compatibility of Hegel's doctrine of God with Christian theology has been a … The Dialectic of Religion in the Form of Art All three together are called "ethical Jerusalem Research Paper Topics life" ( Sittlichkeit ).. Evidence of Hegel as Panentheist Moore and Bertrand Russell, both pioneering figures in British analytic philosophy—as in his positive impact. Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. The Evolution of the Human Spirit in Social Consciousness Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel, (born August 27, 1770, Stuttgart, Württemberg [Germany]—died November 14, 1831, Berlin), German philosopher who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and thence to a synthesis. He was also said to be poor in oral exposition, a deficiency that was to dog him throughout his life. Two Fragments of 1800, 4. Interpetations of Hegel as Pantheistic Hegel’s formal education began when he was three, and it was supplemented by his mother’s teaching Latin to him, an experience that Pinkard surmises explains Hegel’s lifelong love of education. He had already learned the elements of Latin from his mother by the time he entered the Stuttgart grammar school, where he remained for his education until he was 18. Manifest (offenbare) Religion in Actuality: Revealed (geoffenbarte) This website uses cookies to ensure you get the best experience. Philosophy's Quest for 'Eternal Truth', 5. The Bern Period: A Rational Foundation in Kantian Terms Hegel began to suffer from melancholia and, to cure himself, worked harder than ever, especially at Greek philosophy and modern history and politics. Hegel was the last of the great philosophical system builders of modern times. Although Hegel did not enjoy his years at Tübingen, he made two close friends—Friedrich Hölderlin and Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph Schelling—whose alienation from the seminary was to be a major factor in Hegel’s turn toward philosophy and away from a pastor’s life. © 2020 eNotes.com, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Hegel was lonely in Berne and was glad to move, at the end of 1796, to Frankfurt am Main, where Hölderlin had gotten him a tutorship. Hegel's 'Religious' Philosophy: The unfolding of Religion as Hegel's view is completely different. Our summaries and analyses are written by experts, and your questions are answered by real teachers. Two Contradictory Interpretations of Hegel: Theism and The Hegels were not members of the Ehrbarkeit, the elite “non-noble notables” of Württemberg, although Hegel’s father had studied law and had a good position at the court revenue office, and his mother’s father had been a lawyer at the High Court of Justice. The Dialectic of the Religion of Nature, 8. Hegel's doctrine of God provides the means for understanding this fundamental relationship. Ill health forced Hegel’s return to Stuttgart in 1793, and the church authorities allowed him to take his theological exam early. The young idealists saw the Revolution in terms of ancient Athens and anticipated a day in which beauty and freedom were to transform everyday life. The second essay was an answer to the question of how Christianity had ever become the authoritarian religion that it was, if in fact the teaching of Jesus was not authoritarian but rationalistic. Here he studied philosophy and classics for two years and graduated in 1790. Learn more. In his introduction to those lectures Hegel said that there is reason in history because ‘reason rules the … Kant had maintained that, whereas orthodoxy requires a faith in historical facts and in doctrines that reason alone cannot justify and imposes on the faithful a moral system of arbitrary commands alleged to be revealed, Jesus, on the contrary, had originally taught a rational morality, which was reconcilable with the teaching of Kant’s ethical works, and a religion that, unlike Judaism, was adapted to the reason of all people.

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