54 people were killed. Therefore, at the Union of Krewo in 1385, Grand Duchy of Lithuania created a dynastic union with Kingdom of Poland. English geographer Richard Hakluyt (1589) corroborates this account, calling Riga Rie, as pronounced in Latvian.[24]. As the influence of the Hanseatic League waned, Riga became the object of foreign military, political, religious and economic aspirations. On 23 August 1989, the Baltic Way, a two-million-strong human chain, stretched for 600 km from Tallinn to Vilnius. Apart from the indigenous languages, German was the dominant language in Estonia and Latvia in academics, professional life, and upper society from the 13th century until World War I. Numerous Swedish loanwords have made it into the Estonian language; it was under the Swedish rule that schools were established and education propagated in the 17th century. [51] By the end of the war, the remaining Baltic Germans were expelled to Germany. The proximity of the sea causes frequent autumn rains and fogs. [17] Initially these were two governorates named after the largest cities: Riga and Reval (now Tallinn). In accordance with a secret protocol within the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939 that divided Europe into German and Soviet spheres of influence, the Soviet Army entered eastern Poland in September 1939, and then coerced Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania into mutual assistance treaties which granted them the right to establish military bases in these countries. [57] There are no official lower level administrative units, but the Riga City Council Development Agency is working on a plan, which officially makes Riga consist of 58 neighbourhoods. Similar deportations were repeated after the end of WWII. [53], On November 21, 2013, the roof of a supermarket collapsed, possibly as a result of the weight of materials used in the construction of a garden on the roof. In 2002, the Baltic nations applied for membership of NATO and the EU. Each was staffed initially by diplomats from the last governments before USSR occupation. They diversified their oil import suppliers due to shutdown of Druzhba gas pipeline in 2006 and increased the share of renewable sources in total energy production with the help of the EU policies. Following elections (in which only pro-communist candidates were allowed to run), the newly elected parliaments of the three countries formally applied to join the Soviet Union in August 1940 and were incorporated into it as the Estonian, Latvian, and Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republics. [44] He failed in his aspiration to be anointed archbishop[33] but the German hegemony he established over the Baltic would last for seven centuries.[34]. )[23], the "j" in Latvian rīja (REE-eh) hardened to a "g" in German. In the aftermath of later conflicts of the 17th century, much of the Duchy of Livonia and Osel also came under Swedish control as Swedish Livonia. All are members of the European Union (EU) and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). [3], The term Baltic stems from the name of the Baltic Sea – a hydronym dating back to the 3rd century B.C. Riga accepted the Reformation in 1522, ending the power of the archbishops. "Baltics" redirects here. In 1221, they acquired the right to independently self-administer Riga[31] and adopted a city constitution. [citation needed] During the occupation the Germans carried out ghettoisations and mass killings of the countries' Jewish populations. [34] In 1211, Riga minted its first coinage,[25] and Albert laid the cornerstone for the Riga Dom. Latvia performed the best according to all indicators. Public transportation in the city is provided by Rīgas Satiksme which operates a large number of trams, buses and trolleybuses on an extensive network of routes across the city. [25], The year 1201 also marked the first arrival of German merchants in Novgorod, via the Dvina. Unlike Tallinn and Riga, Vilnius was not a part of the Hanseatic League. The majority of the crusaders and clergy were German, and Baltic Germans remained influential in Estonia and most of Latvia until the first half of the 20th century: they formed the backbone of the local gentry, and German served both as a lingua franca and for record-keeping.[8]. Each of the three countries has declared itself to be the restoration of the sovereign nation that had existed from 1918 to 1940, emphasizing their contention that Soviet domination over the Baltic nations during the Cold War period had been an illegal occupation and annexation. The Latvians and Lithuanians, linguistically and culturally related to each other, are Baltic and Indo-European people. [90] The annual number of passengers has grown from 310,000 in 1993 to 4.7 million in 2014, making Riga International Airport the largest in the Baltic States. [85][86] Another major construction project is the planned Riga Northern Transport corridor;[87] its first segment detailed project was completed in 2015. For other uses, see, This article is about a geopolitical term used for grouping the three countries on the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. EstoniaKersti KaljulaidPresident of Estonia, LithuaniaGitanas NausėdaPresident of Lithuania, EstoniaJüri RatasPrime Minister of Estonia, LatviaKrišjānis KariņšPrime Minister of Latvia, LithuaniaSaulius SkvernelisPrime Minister of Lithuania, Usually the concept of energy security is related to the uninterruptible supply, sufficient energy storage, advanced technological development of energy sector and environmental regulations. [4] Although there are several theories about its origin, most ultimately trace it to the Indo-European root *bhel[5] meaning 'white, fair'. [45], All three countries are members of the European Union, and the Eurozone. As such it included not only former Baltic governorates, but also Latgale (Latvia), Lithuania and Finland. Click the answer to find similar crossword clues. Dinamo Riga is the country's strongest hockey club, playing in the Kontinental Hockey League. In 1387 the Christianization of Lithuania occurred[15] - it signified the official adoption of Christianity by Lithuanians, the last pagan nation in Europe. Soviet Union recognized the independence of three Baltic states on 6 September 1991. He narrowly missed a chance at a World Chess Championship match on five occasions. [31] Skrunda-1, the last Russian military radar in the Baltics, officially suspended operations in August 1998.[32]. This also poses a threat to energy security of the Baltic states, because slows down the renewable energy consumption and lead to low rates of energy efficiency. The rulers of different regions within Livonia sought to ally with foreign powers, which resulted in Polish–Lithuanian, Swedish and Danish involvement. [25] (See June deportation, Soviet deportations from Estonia, Sovietization of the Baltic states). He is assisted by one or more Vice Mayors (deputy mayors). ", Šolks, Guntis, Gita Dejus, and Krists Legzdiņš. Throughout the 18th century to the 20th century, the Baltic states were part of the Russian Empire until the four countries gained independence in 1917 and 1918 near the end of World War I. Vauchez et al. It is also the largest city in the three Baltic states and is home to one tenth of the three Baltic states' combined population. [44] As it was in 2009 during the Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute, when states of Eastern Europe were deprived from access to the natural gas deliveries, the reoccurrence of the situation may again lead to economic, political and social crisis. Sweden's northern dominance had ended, and Russia's emergence as the strongest Northern power was formalised through the Treaty of Nystad in 1721. In July 1701, during the opening phase of the Great Northern War, the Crossing of the Düna took place nearby, resulting in a victory for king Charles XII of Sweden. In the wake of this campaign Gorbachev's government had privately concluded that the departure of the Baltic republics had become "inevitable". Russian replaced German as the language of administration e.g. [79] Between 1910 and 1913, between 300 and 500 new buildings were built each year in Riga, most[dubious – discuss] of them in Art Nouveau style and most of them outside the old town. The Baltic states have historically been in many different spheres of influence, from Danish over Swedish and Polish–Lithuanian, to German (Hansa and Holy Roman Empire), and before independence in the Russian sphere of influence. The 2006 Men's World Ice Hockey Championships were held in Latvia. Catholic and Orthodox Christianity had already arrived in Latvia more than a century earlier, and many Latvians had been baptised. Troops were withdrawn from the region (starting from Lithuania) from August 1993. In 2006, a new terminal extension was opened. [11] The city lies on the Gulf of Riga at the mouth of the Daugava river where it meets the Baltic Sea. By 1867, Riga's population was 42.9% German. From February to October 2020, the offices of the Mayor and Vice Mayors were suspended and the council itself had been dissolved and replaced by an interim administration of representatives from 3 governmental ministries until snap elections were held in 2020. Often, travelers who want to see one Baltic capital extend their visit to include the other two due to the cities’ proximity and ease of access. (thesis, University of Connecticut, 2013). Swedish remains spoken in Estonia, particularly the Estonian Swedish dialect of the Estonian Swedes of northern Estonia and the islands (though many fled to Sweden as the Soviet Union invaded and re-occupied Estonia in 1944). This meaning is retained in modern Baltic languages, where baltas in Lithuanian and balts in Latvian mean 'white'. It handled a record 34 million tons of cargo in 2011[67] and has potential for future growth with new port developments on Krievu Sala. Latvia, with Riga as its capital city, thus declared its independence on 18 November 1918. [60] The coldest months are January and February, when the average temperature is −5 °C (23 °F) but temperatures as low as −20 to −25 °C (−4 to −13 °F) can be observed almost every year on the coldest days. [26], In 1227, Albert conquered Oesel[42] and the city of Riga concluded a treaty with the Principality of Smolensk giving Polotsk to Riga. The Livonian Chronicle of Henry testifies to Riga having long been a trading centre by the 12th century, referring to it as portus antiquus (ancient port), and describes dwellings and warehouses used to store mostly flax, and hides.
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