Poet John Donne, who was Dean of St Paul's Cathedral and a contemporary of Shakespeare, gave a sermon in 1624 perpetuating the Blood Libel – the entirely unsubstantiated anti-Semitic lie that Jews ritually murdered Christians to drink their blood and achieve salvation. I am a Jew. Justice! Not only does he fail to recognize Launcelot when he meets him on the street (he is, after all, nearly blind), but he also fails to recognize his son’s voice and personality. She took a substantial amount of Shylock's wealth with her, as well as a turquoise ring which Shylock had been given by his late wife, Leah. This version (which featured a masque) was popular, and was acted for the next forty years. in Dorsoduro, most of which is now occupied by part of the University of Venice.[32]. Tantalising glimpses of Gabriele's collection as it was displayed in 1530 in the Camerino, or "little study", of Palazzo Vendramin in Santa Fosca feature in the writings of Marcantonio Michiel, who left important descriptions of many of the patrician collections of Venice. All the main Venetian theatres were owned by important patrician families; combining business with pleasure in the Italian city— perhaps even the European city— with the most crowded and competitive theatrical culture. Rowe expressed doubts about this interpretation as early as 1709; Doggett's success in the role meant that later productions would feature the troupe clown as Shylock. Part of the BBC's Shakespeare Festival, the play also marked that 500 years had passed since the Venetian Ghetto was instituted. The important paintings in the collection when it was in the hands of a younger Andrea Vendramin (c. 1565-1629) in 1627 were documented in an album of pen-and-ink drawings[20] before they were purchased in Venice after his death by the Dutch merchant and connoisseur Jan Reynst and passed to the Reynst Collection in Amsterdam in the seventeenth century; at least one of his Italian paintings was among those presented to Charles II of England in 1660, as part of the diplomatic gesture called the "Dutch Gift". A date of 1596–97 is considered consistent with the play's style. The play is much more than a study of the struggles between Christian and Jew; it is a rich tapestry threaded with love and self-sacrifice, hatred and revenge, friendship and marriage, divided loyalties, and bonds legal, financial, and emotional. First she declines, but after he insists, Portia requests his ring and Antonio's gloves. [27] Another Palazzo Vendramin, on the island of Giudecca just opposite the Doge's Palace, is now an annexe of the Hotel Cipriani;[28] this is a later building replacing a Vendramin palace that can be seen in the bird's-eye View of Venice by Jacopo de' Barberi of 1500. 28–36). The three family relationships in The Merchant of Venice have remarkable similarities, yet they vary widely in success. [New York: Signet, 1965], 1.2.23–26). Tancred Borenius, "More about the Andrea Vendramin Collection". That's the key for me in the relationship. [14] He was painted with his brother Andrea and Andrea's seven sons in Titian's Portrait of the Vendramin Family in the 1540s (illustration). The first suitor, the Prince of Morocco, chooses the gold casket, interpreting its slogan, "Who chooseth me shall gain what many men desire", as referring to Portia. [9] The Vendramin were extinct in the main male line with Niccolò Vendramin, who died in 1840. [56][57], Arnold Wesker's play The Merchant (1976) is a reimagining of Shakespeare's story. With this film, Weber became the first woman to direct a full-length feature film in America. "Shylock, however unintentionally, did, in fact, hazard all for the sake of destroying the enemy he hated, and Antonio, however unthinkingly he signed the bond, hazarded all to secure the happiness of the man he loved." (IV, i). And if you wrong us, shall we not revenge? The Merchant of Venice is a typical example of a Shakespearean comedy in that its central conflict finds resolution before real harm comes to anyone. And, when the tale is told, bid her be judge ), Other interpreters of the play regard Auden's conception of Antonio's sexual desire for Bassanio as questionable. Find the girl! [11] Both the large Bellini painting, The Miracle of the True Cross near San Lorenzo Bridge, of 1496–1500,[2], and the Carpaccio of 1494, are now in the Accademia museum. In this story, Antonio was a converted Jew. Antonio has already antagonized Shylock through his outspoken antisemitism and because Antonio's habit of lending money without interest forces Shylock to charge lower rates. If you tickle us, do we not laugh? Shylock's fatal flaw is to depend on the law, but "would he not walk out of that courtroom head erect, the very apotheosis of defiant hatred and scorn? . Lecture by James Shapiro: "Shakespeare and the Jews". One of the last shots of the film also brings attention to the fact that, as a convert, Shylock would have been cast out of the Jewish community in Venice, no longer allowed to live in the ghetto. [73][74][75], This article is about Shakespeare's play. This page was last edited on 15 October 2020, at 08:10. Nevertheless, she honors her father’s wishes even when the quality of her suitors tempts her to use sabotage. Shylock has Antonio brought before court. Are not with me esteemed above thy life; The Professional Theatre at Southern Utah University, From Midsummer Magazine, 2000; used with permission. When most opera in Europe was still being put on by courts, "economic prospects and a desire for exhibitionistic display", as well a decline in their traditional overseas trading, attracted the best Venetian families to invest in the theatre during the 17th century. Hath not a Jew eyes? She cites a law under which Shylock, as a Jew and therefore an "alien", having attempted to take the life of a citizen, has forfeited his property, half to the government and half to Antonio, leaving his life at the mercy of the Duke. "Arnold Wesker, 83, Writer of Working-Class Dramas, Dies", "Arnold Wesker: the radical bard of working Britain", "French Spy Spoof Set in Swinging '67 Rio", "The Merchant of Venice: what happened next", "Review: 'Everything That Never Happened' reconsiders 'The Merchant of Venice' through a Jewish perspective", "Everything That Never Happened – Boston Court Pasadena", The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-Time, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Merchant_of_Venice&oldid=983620978, Articles with incomplete citations from June 2020, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Gratiano – friend of Antonio and Bassanio; in love with Nerissa; later the husband of Nerissa, Lorenzo – friend of Antonio and Bassanio; in love with Jessica; later the husband of Jessica, Nerissa – Portia's waiting maid – in love with Gratiano; later the wife of Gratiano; disguises herself as Portia's clerk, Launcelot Gobbo – servant of Shylock; later a servant of Bassanio; son of Old Gobbo, Duke of Venice – authority who presides over the case of Shylock's bond, Salarino and Salanio (also known as Solanio) – friends of Antonio and Bassanio, Salerio – a messenger from Venice; friend of Antonio, Bassanio and others, Magnificoes of Venice, officers of the Court of Justice, gaolers, servants to Portia, and other attendants and Doctor Bellario, cousin of Portia. Antonio's frustrated devotion is a form of idolatry: the right to live is yielded for the sake of the loved one. Nerissa, as the lawyer's clerk, succeeds in likewise retrieving her ring from Gratiano, who does not see through her disguise. Whoever picks the right casket wins Portia's hand. Antonio, says Auden, embodies the words on Portia's leaden casket: "Who chooseth me, must give and hazard all he hath." To some critics, Shylock's celebrated "Hath not a Jew eyes?" says very wisely to me, ‘My honest friend Launcelot, being an honest man’s son’—or rather an honest woman’s son, for indeed my father did something smack, something grow to, he had a kind of taste” (2.2.13–18). Let not the sound of shallow fopp’ry enter / My sober house” (2.5. ", "How do you make Shakespeare work on the radio?". [13] However the portrait in the Frick Collection by Gentile Bellini, inscribed with his name, is now considered to be of his successor, Doge Giovanni Mocenigo. He assumes he has her obedience and doesn’t give it a second thought, being much too busy contemplating his money (“I did dream of moneybags tonight” [2.5.18]) and his revenge (“I’ll go in hate, to feed upon / The prodigal Christian” [2.5.14–15]). The play was mentioned by Francis Meres in 1598, so it must have been familiar on the stage by that date. “There are my keys,” he says to Jessica, “Look to my house” (2.5.12, 16). speech on humanity. The play was entered in the Register of the Stationers Company, the method at that time of obtaining copyright for a new play, by James Roberts on 22 July 1598 under the title The Merchant of Venice, otherwise called The Jew of Venice. [14], The depiction of Jews in literature throughout the centuries bears the close imprint of Shylock. If you prick us, do we not bleed?
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