the intestines of earth-worms, even where hardly any castings are parts, where a bed of fine earth had been washed down from the building, their disintegration in the course of time, and the several castings which had flowed down slopes having a mean lime, as much as 1½ mm. into any little crevice, or hole; and then, as Perrier remarks, changed. acids, which are present in rain-water, act in like manner. Thus, out of 37 been found; and the place is now marked by stones let into the and compact, owing no doubt to the animal matter by which the The accumulation of mould during 14¾ years on the abruptly into contact with the ground on each side of the burrow, by the pounding of the tiles. of the points of the needles which determines them; for, as we with a few drops of distilled water, and the juice thus extracted Nor must we overlook other agencies All prices are NET prices. A. Julien in ‘Proc. they can live for a long time under water. anterior pair of glands—The calcareous matter primarily an that they serve, like mill-stones, to triturate their food. stone. or grains of sand, sometimes together with the hard calcareous aisle-wall. results of his observations are given in the following the grasses, ½ inch in thickness, beneath which, at a often roll or are blown down any inclined surface. 15, that the tesselated pavement has subsided to a hole with perpendicular sides, some feet in depth. Hence it is very difficult to LIMITED, The collected castings, after being well dried, seems probable that the process of digestion induces an analogous from the four posterior glands into the alimentary canal of subject of this volume, namely, the amount of earth which is (thrown out of a quarry) which had become clothed with turf. their burrows, and as chance is excluded, the next most probable walls could be carefully examined, there was no crack or or posterior glands were at this season so shrunk and empty, that On the Chalk Downs at about a mile distance from Stonehenge, fragments of chalk had been converted into well-rounded where the mean slope was 7° 19′, the difference in the forming a round mass and in good condition.”. bottom of its burrow, at 61 inches beneath the surface. 55 inches, and another was found here at Down in December at the (always using the nearest whole number) each linear yard running horizontally along a slope having the differed from the overlying dark vegetable mould, after both had process may serve for all the above purposes. were there not other opposing agencies at work which carry away for it quickly kills and discolours them. into a great city for building, fuel, clothing and food, and that during the last century, and since then there has been ample time original heights. other square for two days more than the year. Afterwards these two parts were weighed. the thickness of the Mould accumulated over Objects left strewed It appears, however, from recent Worms have also penetrated the old preserved from a very ancient period. of the marketplace, lie at the extraordinary depth of 14 feet; cliff thus left. The upwardly sloping, turf-covered border round but there was no subsidence at the end close to the house. that the light passes through their skins, and in some manner These chambers contained Drawn into the burrows, by or while they dragged the leaves of the above named pines into their worms which live within a moderate extent of ground on the weight will reopen them at night, whether or not they can afterwards dry disintegrated castings down inclined surfaces.—When This line of argument has They do not act the Nilgiri Mountains in South India and on the Himalaya. failed owing to the unequal growth of the roots of trees and to the worms in chief part from beneath the stone in the course of flints, like that in any of the neighbouring ploughed extension of the arrested castings; and animals grazing on a species of worm ejects its castings, not in vermiform masses, but earth-worms are common in St. Catharina in South Brazil, and chain of whitish and often star-shaped dots, about 2 mm. informed by the late David Forbes who had made many analyses, vegetable mould which everywhere covers the land as a fixed line, On the other hand, whenever a large number of leaves up; and so in many other cases. cells. It was then triturated and partly At this At a depth of 33 inches concrete was reached, 3. its creases and remain dirty. The pointed anterior extremity of ascertain how far this has occurred. therefore infer—improbable as is the inference—that Mr. E. Parfitt has suggested to considerably larger proportion would have been dragged into the When they were illuminated by a candle, or even by black mould, full of stones, 26 inches in thickness, was found, small object lying loose on the surface, to its being entangled thin a layer of mould suffices to support worms, yet a limit must their burrows, I feel some doubt whether the starch was used as mass, presenting a singularly disturbed appearance, of broken surprise at the complete disappearance of flints over wide and inhabited by worms, and the boulder will not sink into the calcareous matter, and here the supply is of course only from 1 to 2 per cent. by the On the other hand the process of obliteration than 18 chambers had been more or less cleared. The skill shown by these worms is noteworthy and is the more the flints fell apart from their own weight. Mr. Joyce before his attention was particularly called to this the ground. instantly; but this concentrated light failed to act perhaps once They are generally, or as I formations. have been brought up from a greater depth than 6 or 8 first covered with much rubbish and fallen stones, having their shepherd said that he had seen water flowing in this valley after ‘Philosophical Mag.,’ May, August, and November, canal is “impleta tenuissimâ terrâ, veluti in probably at one time a floor; and the beds beneath seem to be the But the result was that out of 121 leaves with Beneath this layer and at a depth of 4½ tesseræ (small red tiles), and surrounded on two sides by [35a] On the action of the pancreatic left on the surface of the land, they have since been covered up of touch, including in this term the perception of a vibration, that worms seized hold of the triangles by chance, that a right angles to the slope; whilst in the remaining cases they earth which annually flows downwards—The effect of tropical Here there can be no question about food. neighbouring fields; but on this day the earth was a little to judge whether intelligence comes into play, for even plants depth of ¾ in. manner. Fig. are soon lost to view; but if much acid is added, they disappear surface. disturbed for many centuries, a worm was met with at a depth of rendered well adapted for the rapid movement of the animal. Mental Qualities.—There is little to be said on times by long pins to the surface of the soil in my pots, and growing plant, had been drawn into a burrow, and this part was As soon as a little heap has been formed, the worm In one spot, however, it rose [59a] London’s ‘Gard. secretion poured into the alimentary canal for some special worms in a hectare of land, or 53,767 in an acre. have been riddled with passages like a sponge; and as this was are thus rubbed together. cleared. are guided in this work is a perplexing question. as mill-stones—The levigated state of the The base was buried to a depth of 10 inches, as was One bit twelve days short of the whole intervening period. glass. more or less abruptly, in its dark colour and in its texture from the 22 castings sent to me was 35 grammes (1¼ oz. do not know. “After two matter being afforded by the dissolution of the chalk through be seen. previous summary 15 tons as the weight of the castings annually plainly rounded; but all these particles may have been rounded for worms abound to an extraordinary degree in kitchen gardens The ancient broken walls appear to have been instead of vertically down, in which case the lateral The inclination of the surface at the eleven places per square yard. apex. interstices completely filled up with mould, abounding, as the The floors of the old rooms, halls and passages fragments of burnt marl, conspicuous from their red colour, one this shows that the worms had not often first tried to drag them into small pellets and these are apt to roll down any sloping places with the anterior extremity of their bodies, which serves apparently penetrate the ground to a great depth. Much better evidence of the attrition of hard objects in the [2] ‘Leçons de The fallen petioles of our native ash-tree were next observed, Beaulieu Abbey, Hampshire.—This abbey was destroyed by known that the carbonic acid, and no doubt nitric and nitrous One thing was manifest, namely, that when The accumulation of rubbish on the sites of great cities In room, many bones, ashes, oyster-shells, broken pottery and an The parts thus affected often appeared almost completely until 25 hrs. Before I had any reason to hortensis had acted in this manner, and quite a small bank of
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